---
title: Then the merchant remembered how he had borrowed money, and given th… — Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Musc… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then the merchant remembered how he had borrowed money, and given the life-giving cross as a surety, but had not paid his debt. Who acts: merchant. A sentence of «Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore», Chapter I. INTRODUCTORY, part 4, with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore, Chapter I. INTRODUCTORY, part 4, sentence 8

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Then the merchant remembered how he had borrowed money, and given the life-giving cross as a surety, but had not paid his debt.

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**Who acts:** merchant · **What happens:** remember, borrow, give, not pay · **To what, where:** money, giving cross, debt · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore», Chapter I. INTRODUCTORY, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (merchant), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg22373:14:8
# text = Then the merchant remembered how he had borrowed money, and given the life-giving cross as a surety, but had not paid his debt.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	merchant	merchant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	remembered	remember	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	ccomp	_	_
9	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
14	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	giving	give	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	amod	_	_
17	cross	cross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	surety	surety	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	25	advmod	_	_
25	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	debt	debt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | past | the merchant |  |  |  | then |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **borrow** | past · perfect | merchant | money |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 3 | **give** | participle | merchant *not said here* | the giving cross |  |  |  | as a surety | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cross=Theme |
| 4 | **give** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **not** **pay** | past · perfect |  | merchant's debt |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent debt=Asset |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Russian Fairy Tales: A Choice Collection of Muscovite Folk-lore», Project Gutenberg book 22373 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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