---
title: He had fallen twice into a wolf trap in his youth, and once he had b… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: He had fallen twice into a wolf trap in his youth, and once he had been beaten and left for dead; so he knew the manners and customs of men. Who acts: murderer. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 1, sentence 154

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had fallen twice into a wolf trap in his youth, and once he had been beaten and left for dead; so he knew the manners and customs of men.

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**Who acts:** murderer · **What happens:** fall, beat, leave, know · **To what, where:** wolf trap, murderer, manners

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This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (murderer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:1:154
# text = He had fallen twice into a wolf trap in his youth, and once he had been beaten and left for dead; so he knew the manners and customs of men.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	trap	trap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	once	once	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	beaten	beat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
25	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	manners	manners	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	26	obj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	customs	custom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past · perfect | murderer |  |  |  |  | into a wolf trap in murderer's youth *result*; twice *property* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into trap=Result |
| 2 | **beat** | past · perfect · passive |  | murderer |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for dead | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent for dead=Recipient |
| 4 | **know** | past | murderer | the manners and customs of men |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer manners=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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