---
title: They headed for a cliff by the shore--a cliff that ran down into dee… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: They headed for a cliff by the shore--a cliff that ran down into deep water, and plunged into a dark hole at the foot of it, twenty fathoms under the sea. Who acts: miles, cliff. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 12, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 12, sentence 67

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They headed for a cliff by the shore--a cliff that ran down into deep water, and plunged into a dark hole at the foot of it, twenty fathoms under the sea.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** miles, cliff · **What happens:** head, run down, plunge · **To what, where:** deep water, dark hole

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 12. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (miles, cliff), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:12:67
# text = They headed for a cliff by the shore--a cliff that ran down into deep water, and plunged into a dark hole at the foot of it, twenty fathoms under the sea.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	headed	head	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
14	down	down	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	plunged	plunge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
21	into	into	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
25	at	at	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	32	nummod	_	_
32	fathoms	fathom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	conj	_	_
33	under	under	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **head** | past | miles *= mile* |  |  |  |  | for a cliff; by the shore and a cliff | vn conduct-111.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **run down** | past | a cliff |  |  |  |  | into deep water *result*; down *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into water=Result |
| 3 | **plunge** | participle | miles *= mile* *not said here* |  |  | a dark hole at the foot of water and twenty fathoms under the sea |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into hole=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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