---
title: By all the Gods of the Hills, these new elephants are possessed, or… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: By all the Gods of the Hills, these new elephants are possessed, or else they can smell their companions in the jungle.” Who acts: Gods, hills. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 16, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 16, sentence 123

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By all the Gods of the Hills, these new elephants are possessed, or else they can smell their companions in the jungle.”

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**Who acts:** Gods, hills · **What happens:** possess, smell · **To what, where:** new elephants, companions, jungle

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This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 16. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gods, hills), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:16:123
# text = By all the Gods of the Hills, these new elephants are possessed, or else they can smell their companions in the jungle.”
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Hills	Hill	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
10	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	possessed	possess	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	else	else	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	smell	smell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	conj	_	_
20	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	jungle	jungle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present · passive | all Gods of the Hills | this new elephants |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Theme |
| 2 | **smell** | can | hills *= hill* | hills's companions |  | the jungle |  | else *property* | vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent companion=Theme in jungle=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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