--- title: Then the elephants were chained by their hind legs to their big stum… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics description: Then the elephants were chained by their hind legs to their big stumps of pickets, and extra ropes were fitted to the new elephants, and the fodder was piled before them, and the hill drivers went back to Petersen Sahib through the afternoon light, telling the plains drivers to be extra careful that --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/16/150/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [The Jungle Book](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/) / [The Jungle Book, part 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/16/) / 150 # The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 16, sentence 150 Then the elephants were chained by their hind legs to their big stumps of pickets, and extra ropes were fitted to the new elephants, and the fodder was piled before them, and the hill drivers went back to Petersen Sahib through the afternoon light, telling the plains drivers to be extra careful that night, and laughing when the plains drivers asked the reason. **Who acts:** hind legs, hill drivers, plains drivers · **What happens:** chain, fit, pile, go back, tell, be · **To what, where:** elephants, extra ropes, new elephants, fodder, Petersen, afternoon light · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 16. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hind legs, hill drivers, plains drivers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg236:16:150 # text = Then the elephants were chained by their hind legs to their big stumps of pickets, and extra ropes were fitted to the new elephants, and the fodder was piled before them, and the hill drivers went back to Petersen Sahib through the afternoon light, telling the plains drivers to be extra careful that night, and laughing when the plains drivers asked the reason. 1 Then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 3 advmod _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 elephants elephant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 4 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 5 chained chain VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 by by ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 7 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 8 hind hind ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 10 to to ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 11 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ _ 12 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 stumps stump NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nmod _ _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 pickets picket NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 16 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 18 extra extra ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod _ _ 19 ropes rope NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nsubj:pass _ _ 20 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 21 aux:pass _ _ 21 fitted fit VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 conj _ _ 22 to to ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 24 new new ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 elephants elephant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 26 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 fodder fodder NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nsubj:pass _ _ 30 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 aux:pass _ _ 31 piled pile VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 parataxis _ _ 32 before before ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 34 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 37 hill hill NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 drivers driver NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nsubj _ _ 39 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 40 back back ADV RB _ 39 advmod _ _ 41 to to ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 42 Petersen Petersen PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 43 Sahib Sahib PROPN NNP Number=Sing 42 flat _ _ 44 through through ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 45 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 47 det _ _ 46 afternoon afternoon NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 compound _ _ 47 light light NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 48 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 49 telling tell VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 39 advcl _ _ 50 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 51 plains plain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 52 compound _ _ 52 drivers driver NOUN NNS Number=Plur 49 obj _ _ 53 to to PART TO _ 56 mark _ _ 54 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 56 cop _ _ 55 extra extra ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 56 amod _ _ 56 careful careful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 ccomp _ _ 57 that that DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 58 det _ _ 58 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 obl:unmarked _ SpaceAfter=No 59 , , PUNCT , _ 61 punct _ _ 60 and and CCONJ CC _ 61 cc _ _ 61 laughing laugh VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 5 conj _ _ 62 when when SCONJ WRB _ 66 mark _ _ 63 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 64 det _ _ 64 plains plain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 65 compound _ _ 65 drivers driver NOUN NNS Number=Plur 66 nsubj _ _ 66 asked ask VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 61 advcl _ _ 67 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 68 det _ _ 68 reason reason NOUN NN Number=Sing 66 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 69 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **chain** | past · passive | ways's hind legs to ways's big stumps of pickets | the elephants | | | | | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient | | 2 | **fit** | past · passive | | extra ropes | the new elephants | | | | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Patient to elephant=Goal | | 3 | **pile** | past · passive | | the fodder | | | before ways *= way* | | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme before they=Destination | | 4 | **go back** | past | the hill drivers | | Petersen | the afternoon light | | | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to petersen=Result | | 5 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | the hill drivers *not said here* | | plains drivers | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent driver=Recipient | | 6 | **is** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | | | | | night | careful *property* | tree rules | | 7 | **laugh** | gerund | ways's hind legs to ways's big stumps of pickets *not said here* | | | | | | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | plains drivers | the reason | | | | | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent reason=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 149](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/16/149/) - next →: [The Jungle Book, part 17, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/17/1/) - ↑ back to [The Jungle Book, part 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg236/16/)