---
title: At last the elephants began to lie down one after another as is thei… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: At last the elephants began to lie down one after another as is their custom, till only Kala Nag at the right of the line was left standing up; and he rocked slowly from side to side, his ears put forward to listen to the night wind as it blew very slowly across the hills. Who acts: last elephants, 
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 17, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At last the elephants began to lie down one after another as is their custom, till only Kala Nag at the right of the line was left standing up; and he rocked slowly from side to side, his ears put forward to listen to the night wind as it blew very slowly across the hills.

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**Who acts:** last elephants, one, right, Kala, ears, side · **What happens:** begin, lie down, be, leave, stand up, rock · **To what, where:** custom, right, side, hills

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This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 17. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last elephants, one, right, Kala), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:17:16
# text = At last the elephants began to lie down one after another as is their custom, till only Kala Nag at the right of the line was left standing up; and he rocked slowly from side to side, his ears put forward to listen to the night wind as it blew very slowly across the hills.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	lie	lie	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nsubj	_	_
10	after	after	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	as	as	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	till	till	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	only	only	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	Kala	Kala	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	_
20	Nag	Nag	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	flat	_	_
21	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	right	right	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
27	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux:pass	_	_
28	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	acl:relcl	_	_
29	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	28	xcomp	_	_
30	up	up	ADP	RP	_	29	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	rocked	rock	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
35	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
36	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
38	to	to	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
41	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	42	nmod:poss	_	_
42	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	43	nsubj	_	_
43	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
44	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	43	advmod	_	_
45	to	to	PART	TO	_	46	mark	_	_
46	listen	listen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	43	xcomp	_	_
47	to	to	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
48	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
49	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	compound	_	_
50	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	_
51	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	53	mark	_	_
52	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	53	nsubj	_	_
53	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	43	advcl	_	_
54	very	very	ADV	RB	_	55	advmod	_	_
55	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	53	advmod	_	_
56	across	across	ADP	IN	_	58	case	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	53	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
59	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | the last elephants |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **lie down** | to-infinitive | the last elephants *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | one after another as | elephants's custom |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **leave** | past · passive |  | the right *not said here* |  |  |  | of the line | tree rules |
| 5 | **stand up** | gerund | the right *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **rock** | past | Kala |  |  | side |  | to side; slowly *property* | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **put forward** | past | Kala's ears |  |  |  |  | forward *property* | tree rules |
| 8 | **listen** | to-infinitive | Kala's ears *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the night wind | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to wind=Theme |
| 9 | **blow** | past | side |  |  | the hills |  | slowly *property* | vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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