---
title: There were white-tusked wild males, with fallen leaves and nuts and… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: There were white-tusked wild males, with fallen leaves and nuts and twigs lying in the wrinkles of their necks and the folds of their ears; fat, slow-footed she-elephants, with restless, little pinky black calves only three or four feet high running under their stomachs; young elephants with their t
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 17, sentence 63

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were white-tusked wild males, with fallen leaves and nuts and twigs lying in the wrinkles of their necks and the folds of their ears; fat, slow-footed she-elephants, with restless, little pinky black calves only three or four feet high running under their stomachs; young elephants with their tusks just beginning to show, and very proud of them; lanky, scraggy old-maid elephants, with their hollow anxious faces, and trunks like rough bark; savage old bull elephants, scarred from shoulder to flank with great weals and cuts of bygone fights, and the caked dirt of their solitary mud baths dropping from their shoulders; and there was one with a broken tusk and the marks of the full-stroke, the terrible drawing scrape, of a tiger’s claws on his side.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** white tusked wild males, twigs, tusks, mud baths, caked dirt · **What happens:** be, tusk, fall, lie, run, begin · **To what, where:** wrinkles, stomachs, shoulder, shoulders, one, full stroke

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 17. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white tusked wild males, twigs, tusks, mud baths), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:17:63
# text = There were white-tusked wild males, with fallen leaves and nuts and twigs lying in the wrinkles of their necks and the folds of their ears; fat, slow-footed she-elephants, with restless, little pinky black calves only three or four feet high running under their stomachs; young elephants with their tusks just beginning to show, and very proud of them; lanky, scraggy old-maid elephants, with their hollow anxious faces, and trunks like rough bark; savage old bull elephants, scarred from shoulder to flank with great weals and cuts of bygone fights, and the caked dirt of their solitary mud baths dropping from their shoulders; and there was one with a broken tusk and the marks of the full-stroke, the terrible drawing scrape, of a tiger’s claws on his side.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	tusked	tusk	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
6	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	males	male	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	nuts	nut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	twigs	twig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
16	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	wrinkles	wrinkle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	necks	neck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	folds	fold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
30	fat	fat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	slow	slow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	footed	footed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	acl:relcl	_	_
35	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	35	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
39	with	with	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
40	restless	restless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
42	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
43	pinky	pinky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nsubj	_	_
44	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	amod	_	_
45	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	appos	_	_
46	only	only	ADV	RB	_	47	advmod	_	_
47	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	50	nummod	_	_
48	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
49	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	47	conj	_	_
50	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	51	obl:unmarked	_	_
51	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	conj	_	_
52	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	51	advcl	_	_
53	under	under	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
54	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	55	nmod:poss	_	_
55	stomachs	stomach	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	52	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	58	punct	_	_
57	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	amod	_	_
58	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
59	with	with	ADP	IN	_	61	case	_	_
60	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	61	nmod:poss	_	_
61	tusks	tusk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	nmod	_	_
62	just	just	ADV	RB	_	63	advmod	_	_
63	beginning	begin	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	61	acl	_	_
64	to	to	PART	TO	_	65	mark	_	_
65	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	63	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	69	punct	_	_
67	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	69	cc	_	_
68	very	very	ADV	RB	_	69	advmod	_	_
69	proud	proud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	conj	_	_
70	of	of	ADP	IN	_	71	case	_	_
71	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	69	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	73	punct	_	_
73	lanky	lanky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	69	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
74	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	79	punct	_	_
75	scraggy	scraggy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	79	amod	_	_
76	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	78	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
77	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	76	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
78	maid	maid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	79	amod	_	_
79	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	69	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
80	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	85	punct	_	_
81	with	with	ADP	IN	_	85	case	_	_
82	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	85	nmod:poss	_	_
83	hollow	hollow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	85	amod	_	_
84	anxious	anxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	85	amod	_	_
85	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	79	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
86	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	88	punct	_	_
87	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	88	cc	_	_
88	trunks	trunk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	conj	_	_
89	like	like	ADP	IN	_	91	case	_	_
90	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	91	amod	_	_
91	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	88	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
92	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	96	punct	_	_
93	savage	savage	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	96	amod	_	_
94	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	96	amod	_	_
95	bull	bull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	96	compound	_	_
96	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
97	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	98	punct	_	_
98	scarred	scar	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	58	conj	_	_
99	from	from	ADP	IN	_	100	case	_	_
100	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	98	obl	_	_
101	to	to	PART	TO	_	102	mark	_	_
102	flank	flank	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	98	advcl	_	_
103	with	with	ADP	IN	_	105	case	_	_
104	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	105	amod	_	_
105	weals	weal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	102	obl	_	_
106	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	107	cc	_	_
107	cuts	cut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	105	conj	_	_
108	of	of	ADP	IN	_	110	case	_	_
109	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	110	amod	_	_
110	fights	fight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	107	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
111	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	129	punct	_	_
112	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	129	cc	_	_
113	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	115	det	_	_
114	caked	cake	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	115	amod	_	_
115	dirt	dirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	129	nsubj	_	_
116	of	of	ADP	IN	_	120	case	_	_
117	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	120	nmod:poss	_	_
118	solitary	solitary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	119	compound	_	_
119	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	120	compound	_	_
120	baths	bath	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	115	nmod	_	_
121	dropping	drop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	120	acl	_	_
122	from	from	ADP	IN	_	124	case	_	_
123	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	124	nmod:poss	_	_
124	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	121	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
125	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	128	punct	_	_
126	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	128	cc	_	_
127	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	128	expl	_	_
128	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	129	cop	_	_
129	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	58	conj	_	_
130	with	with	ADP	IN	_	133	case	_	_
131	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	133	det	_	_
132	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	133	amod	_	_
133	tusk	tusk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	129	nmod	_	_
134	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	136	cc	_	_
135	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	136	det	_	_
136	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	133	conj	_	_
137	of	of	ADP	IN	_	141	case	_	_
138	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	141	det	_	_
139	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	141	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
140	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	139	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
141	stroke	stroke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	136	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
142	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	146	punct	_	_
143	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	146	det	_	_
144	terrible	terrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	146	amod	_	_
145	drawing	drawing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	146	compound	_	_
146	scrape	scrape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	133	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
147	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	152	punct	_	_
148	of	of	ADP	IN	_	152	case	_	_
149	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	150	det	_	_
150	tiger	tiger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	152	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
151	’s	's	PART	POS	_	150	case	_	_
152	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	conj	_	_
153	on	on	ADP	IN	_	155	case	_	_
154	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	155	nmod:poss	_	_
155	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	152	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
156	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | white tusked wild males and fallen leaves and nuts and twigs |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **tusk** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **fall** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **lie** | gerund | twigs *not said here* |  |  | the wrinkles of males's necks and the folds of males's ears |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in wrinkle=Location |
| 5 | **run** | gerund | white tusked wild males and fallen leaves and nuts and twigs *not said here* |  |  | males's stomachs |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under stomach=Trajectory |
| 6 | **begin** | gerund | males's tusks *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 7 | **show** | to-infinitive | males's tusks *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 8 | **scar** | participle | white tusked wild males and fallen leaves and nuts and twigs *not said here* |  |  | shoulder |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 9 | **flank** | to-infinitive | white tusked wild males and fallen leaves and nuts and twigs *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with great weals and cuts of bygone fights | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 10 | **cake** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 11 | **drop** | gerund | elephants's mud baths *not said here* |  |  | elephants's shoulders |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme from shoulder=Trajectory |
| 12 | **is a** | past | the caked dirt of elephants's mud baths | one |  |  |  | with a broken tusk and the marks of the full stroke and the terrible drawing scrape | tree rules |
| 13 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 14 | **mark** |  |  | the full stroke |  |  |  |  | nom mark «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

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