---
title: It must have lasted fully two hours, and Little Toomai ached in ever… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: It must have lasted fully two hours, and Little Toomai ached in every nerve, but he knew by the smell of the night air that the dawn was coming. Who acts: Little Toomai, Toomai, dawn, night air. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 17, with its dependency tree an
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 17, sentence 88

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It must have lasted fully two hours, and Little Toomai ached in every nerve, but he knew by the smell of the night air that the dawn was coming.

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**Who acts:** Little Toomai, Toomai, dawn, night air · **What happens:** last, ache, know, come, smell · **To what, where:** booming, nerve, night air

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This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 17. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Little Toomai, Toomai, dawn, night air), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:17:88
# text = It must have lasted fully two hours, and Little Toomai ached in every nerve, but he knew by the smell of the night air that the dawn was coming.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	aux	_	_
4	lasted	last	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	fully	fully	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	Little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	Toomai	Toomai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	ached	ache	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	15	det	_	_
15	nerve	nerve	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
27	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj	_	_
30	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	26	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | must · perfect · passive |  | booming |  |  | hour |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value |
| 2 | **ache** | past | Little Toomai |  |  | every nerve |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **know** | past | Toomai |  |  |  |  | by the smell of the night air | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **come** | past · progressive | the dawn | the night air *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location air=Theme |
| 5 | **smell** |  | the night air |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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