---
title: “Forty years and five,” said Machua Appa, “have I followed my lord,… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: “Forty years and five,” said Machua Appa, “have I followed my lord, the elephant, but never have I heard that any child of man had seen what this child has seen. Who acts: Forty years, child. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 18, with its dependency tree and t
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 18, sentence 30

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Forty years and five,” said Machua Appa, “have I followed my lord, the elephant, but never have I heard that any child of man had seen what this child has seen.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Forty years, child · **What happens:** say, follow, not have, hear, see · **To what, where:** lord, child · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 18. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Forty years, child), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:18:30
# text = “Forty years and five,” said Machua Appa, “have I followed my lord, the elephant, but never have I heard that any child of man had seen what this child has seen.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Forty	forty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	Machua	Machua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
10	Appa	Appa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
16	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	lord	lord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	24	advmod	_	_
24	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
25	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	parataxis	_	_
27	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
28	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	29	det	_	_
29	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
32	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
33	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	ccomp	_	_
34	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	38	obl	_	_
35	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	36	det	_	_
36	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nsubj	_	_
37	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	aux	_	_
38	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Forty years |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **follow** *in a quote* | present | Forty years *= year* | my lord |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lord=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **have** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **hear** *in a quote* | past | Forty years *= year* |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 5 | **see** *in a quote* | past · perfect · passive |  | any child of man |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 6 | **see** *in a quote* | present · perfect | this child |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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