---
title: He put his hands to his mouth and shouted down the ravine--it was al… — The Jungle Book · tree and pragmatics
description: He put his hands to his mouth and shouted down the ravine--it was almost like shouting down a tunnel--and the echoes jumped from rock to rock. Who acts: Shere, ravine, echoes. A sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 9, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of 
---

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# The Jungle Book, The Jungle Book, part 9, sentence 43

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He put his hands to his mouth and shouted down the ravine--it was almost like shouting down a tunnel--and the echoes jumped from rock to rock.

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**Who acts:** Shere, ravine, echoes · **What happens:** put, shout down, jump · **To what, where:** hands, ravine, tunnel, rock

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This is a sentence of «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, part 9. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shere, ravine, echoes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg236:9:43
# text = He put his hands to his mouth and shouted down the ravine--it was almost like shouting down a tunnel--and the echoes jumped from rock to rock.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	down	down	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ravine	ravine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
16	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
17	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
18	shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
19	down	down	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	tunnel	tunnel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nsubj	_	_
26	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
29	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | Shere | Shere's hands |  |  |  | to Shere's mouth | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent hand=Goal |
| 2 | **shout down** *speech: express* | past | Shere *not said here* | the ravine |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ravine=Topic |
| 3 | **shout down** *speech: express* | past · progressive | ravine | a tunnel |  |  |  | almost *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tunnel=Topic |
| 4 | **jump** | past | the echoes |  |  | rock |  | to rock *result* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient from rock=Initial\_State to rock=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Jungle Book» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 236 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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