---
title: He had to go to school next day, and he was caned for being absent w… — The Book of Dragons · tree and pragmatics
description: He had to go to school next day, and he was caned for being absent without leave--although he very straightforwardly explained that he had been too busy making the lantern to have time to come to school. Who acts: boy. A sentence of «The Book of Dragons» by E. Nesbit, Kind Little Edmund], with its d
---

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# The Book of Dragons, Kind Little Edmund\], sentence 27

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had to go to school next day, and he was caned for being absent without leave--although he very straightforwardly explained that he had been too busy making the lantern to have time to come to school.

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**Who acts:** boy · **What happens:** have, go, cane, be, explain, make · **To what, where:** school, boy, lantern · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Book of Dragons» by E. Nesbit, Kind Little Edmund\]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg23661:14:27
# text = He had to go to school next day, and he was caned for being absent without leave--although he very straightforwardly explained that he had been too busy making the lantern to have time to come to school.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	caned	cane	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	cop	_	_
16	absent	absent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	obl	_	_
17	without	without	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	leave	leave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
22	very	very	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	straightforwardly	straightforwardly	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
24	explained	explain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
25	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
27	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
28	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	30	cop	_	_
29	too	too	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	ccomp	_	_
31	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	30	advcl	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	lantern	lantern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	_
34	to	to	PART	TO	_	35	mark	_	_
35	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	advcl	_	_
36	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obj	_	_
37	to	to	PART	TO	_	38	mark	_	_
38	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	36	acl	_	_
39	to	to	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | boy |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | to-infinitive | boy *not said here* |  |  | school | day |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **cane** | past · passive |  | boy |  |  |  | without leave | vn spank-18.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | absent *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **explain** *speech: assert* | past | boy |  |  |  |  | straightforwardly *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **is** | past · perfect | boy |  |  |  |  | busy *property* | tree rules |
| 7 | **make** | gerund | boy *not said here* | the lantern |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset lantern=Product |
| 8 | **have** | to-infinitive | boy *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 9 | **come** | to-infinitive | boy *not said here* |  |  | school |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Book of Dragons» by E. Nesbit, Project Gutenberg book 23661 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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