---
title: By-and-by he reached the edge of a lake, and flying towards some rus… — The Crimson Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: By-and-by he reached the edge of a lake, and flying towards some rushes which grew near the shore he beheld a wild duck. Who acts: boy, rushes. A sentence of «The Crimson Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Crimson Fairy Book, part 20, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Crimson Fairy Book, The Crimson Fairy Book, part 20, sentence 106

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By-and-by he reached the edge of a lake, and flying towards some rushes which grew near the shore he beheld a wild duck.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** boy, rushes · **What happens:** reach, fly, grow, behold · **To what, where:** edge, rushes, shore, wild duck

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This is a sentence of «The Crimson Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Crimson Fairy Book, part 20. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy, rushes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2435:20:106
# text = By-and-by he reached the edge of a lake, and flying towards some rushes which grew near the shore he beheld a wild duck.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
16	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
18	rushes	rush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	near	near	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	duck	duck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | boy | the edge of a lake |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent edge=Theme |
| 2 | **fly** | gerund | boy *not said here* |  |  | some rushes |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme towards rush=Destination |
| 3 | **grow** | past | some rushes |  |  | the shore |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near shore=Location |
| 4 | **behold** | past | boy | a wild duck |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer duck=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Crimson Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 2435 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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