---
title: There was once a shoemaker, who worked very hard and was very honest… — Grimms' Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: There was once a shoemaker, who worked very hard and was very honest: but still he could not earn enough to live upon; and at last all he had in the world was gone, save just leather enough to make one pair of shoes. Who acts: shoemaker, all. A sentence of «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, The E
---

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# Grimms' Fairy Tales, The Elves and the Shoemaker, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was once a shoemaker, who worked very hard and was very honest: but still he could not earn enough to live upon; and at last all he had in the world was gone, save just leather enough to make one pair of shoes.

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**Who acts:** shoemaker, all · **What happens:** be, work, not earn, live, have, save · **To what, where:** world, one pair

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This is a sentence of «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, The Elves and the Shoemaker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shoemaker, all), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2591:37:1
# text = There was once a shoemaker, who worked very hard and was very honest: but still he could not earn enough to live upon; and at last all he had in the world was gone, save just leather enough to make one pair of shoes.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	2	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shoemaker	shoemaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	very	very	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	very	very	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
16	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
17	still	still	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
18	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
19	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
21	earn	earn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
22	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
25	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
28	at	at	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	obl	_	_
30	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	37	nsubj	_	_
31	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	acl:relcl	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
36	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	cop	_	_
37	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
39	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	41	advcl	_	_
40	just	just	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	_
41	leather	leather	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	37	parataxis	_	_
42	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	_
43	to	to	PART	TO	_	44	mark	_	_
44	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	41	advcl	_	_
45	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	46	nummod	_	_
46	pair	pair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obj	_	_
47	of	of	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a shoemaker |  |  | there |  | once *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **work** | past | a shoemaker |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | a shoemaker *not said here* |  |  |  |  | honest *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **earn** | could | shoemaker |  |  |  | still | enough *property* | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **live** | to-infinitive | shoemaker *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **have** | past | shoemaker |  |  | the world |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **is** | past | all |  |  |  |  | gone *property* | tree rules |
| 8 | **save** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 9 | **leather** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | enough *property* | tree rules |
| 10 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | one pair of shoes |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pair=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, Project Gutenberg book 2591 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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