---
title: He waited till it was darker and people had begun to light up their… — Grimms' Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: He waited till it was darker and people had begun to light up their houses, and then seeing a little glimmer ahead of him, he went towards it. Who acts: man, way, people. A sentence of «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, The Raven, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Grimms' Fairy Tales, The Raven, sentence 48

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He waited till it was darker and people had begun to light up their houses, and then seeing a little glimmer ahead of him, he went towards it.

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**Who acts:** man, way, people · **What happens:** wait, be, begin, light up, see, go · **To what, where:** houses, little glimmer, way

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This is a sentence of «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, The Raven. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (man, way, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2591:47:48
# text = He waited till it was darker and people had begun to light up their houses, and then seeing a little glimmer ahead of him, he went towards it.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	waited	wait	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	begun	begin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	light	light	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	19	advmod	_	_
19	seeing	see	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	glimmer	glimmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
23	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
29	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wait** | past | man |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | way |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **begin** | past · perfect | people |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **light up** | to-infinitive | people *not said here* | people's houses |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent house=Product |
| 5 | **see** | gerund | man *not said here* | a little glimmer |  |  | then | ahead *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glimmer=Stimulus |
| 6 | **go** | past | man |  |  | way |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards it=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, Project Gutenberg book 2591 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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