---
title: Poor Sultan, who was lying close by them, heard all that the shepher… — Grimms' Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: Poor Sultan, who was lying close by them, heard all that the shepherd and his wife said to one another, and was very much frightened to think tomorrow would be his last day; so in the evening he went to his good friend the wolf, who lived in the wood, and told him all his sorrows, and how his master
---

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# Grimms' Fairy Tales, Old Sultan, sentence 5

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Poor Sultan, who was lying close by them, heard all that the shepherd and his wife said to one another, and was very much frightened to think tomorrow would be his last day; so in the evening he went to his good friend the wolf, who lived in the wood, and told him all his sorrows, and how his master meant to kill him in the morning.

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**Who acts:** Poor Sultan, shepherd, tomorrow, wolf, master · **What happens:** lie, hear, say, frighten, think, be · **To what, where:** one, last day, wolf, wood, sorrows, shepherd · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, Old Sultan. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Poor Sultan, shepherd, tomorrow, wolf), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2591:6:5
# text = Poor Sultan, who was lying close by them, heard all that the shepherd and his wife said to one another, and was very much frightened to think tomorrow would be his last day; so in the evening he went to his good friend the wolf, who lived in the wood, and told him all his sorrows, and how his master meant to kill him in the morning.
1	Poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	close	close	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
12	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	19	det:predet	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	shepherd	shepherd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	obl	_	_
22	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	21	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
25	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux:pass	_	_
26	very	very	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	much	much	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	frightened	frighten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
30	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	28	xcomp	_	_
31	tomorrow	tomorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj	_	_
32	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
33	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	36	cop	_	_
34	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
35	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
38	so	so	ADV	RB	_	43	advmod	_	_
39	in	in	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl	_	_
42	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	nsubj	_	_
43	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	parataxis	_	_
44	to	to	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
45	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	47	nmod:poss	_	_
46	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl	_	_
48	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
49	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
51	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	52	nsubj	_	_
52	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	49	acl:relcl	_	_
53	in	in	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
54	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	55	det	_	_
55	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	58	punct	_	_
57	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	58	cc	_	_
58	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	43	conj	_	_
59	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	58	iobj	_	_
60	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	62	det:predet	_	_
61	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	62	nmod:poss	_	_
62	sorrows	sorrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	68	punct	_	_
64	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	68	cc	_	_
65	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	68	advmod	_	_
66	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	67	nmod:poss	_	_
67	master	master	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	68	nsubj	_	_
68	meant	mean	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	58	advcl	_	_
69	to	to	PART	TO	_	70	mark	_	_
70	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	68	xcomp	_	_
71	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	70	obj	_	_
72	in	in	ADP	IN	_	74	case	_	_
73	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	74	det	_	_
74	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	70	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past · progressive | Poor Sultan |  |  |  |  | by thieves *= thief*; close *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by they=Location |
| 2 | **hear** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the shepherd |  | one |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to one=Recipient |
| 4 | **frighten** | past · passive | the shepherd *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **think** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | the shepherd *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **is a** | would | tomorrow | shepherd's last day |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **go** | past | shepherd | the wolf |  |  | evening | to shepherd's good friend | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to friend=Initial\_Location |
| 8 | **live** | past | the wolf |  |  | the wood |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wood=Location |
| 9 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | shepherd *not said here* |  | shepherd's sorrows |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient sorrow=Topic |
| 10 | **mean** | past | shepherd's master |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 11 | **kill** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | shepherd's master *not said here* | shepherd |  |  | morning |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 12 | **sorrow** |  | shepherd |  |  |  |  |  | nom sorrow «feeling intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Grimms' Fairy Tales» by Jacob Grimm, Project Gutenberg book 2591 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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