---
title: "It was sunshine here yesterday," said the little bird, "but to-day… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: "It was sunshine here yesterday," said the little bird, "but to-day it is cloudy and the air is close." Who acts: attention, sunshine, air. A sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Portuguese Duck, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Portuguese Duck, sentence 93

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"It was sunshine here yesterday," said the little bird, "but to-day it is cloudy and the air is close."

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** attention, sunshine, air · **What happens:** be, say · **To what, where:** sunshine, little bird · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Portuguese Duck. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (attention, sunshine, air), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:145:93
# text = "It was sunshine here yesterday," said the little bird, "but to-day it is cloudy and the air is close."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	sunshine	sunshine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
6	yesterday	yesterday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
21	cloudy	cloudy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
26	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | attention | sunshine |  | here | yesterday |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | sunshine | the little bird |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent bird=Topic |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | attention |  |  |  | day | cloudy *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the air |  |  |  |  | close *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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