---
title: He became exhausted at last, and lay still and helpless, frozen fast… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: He became exhausted at last, and lay still and helpless, frozen fast in the ice. Who acts: ice. A sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Ugly Duckling, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Ugly Duckling, sentence 143

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He became exhausted at last, and lay still and helpless, frozen fast in the ice.

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**Who acts:** ice · **What happens:** become, exhaust, lay, freeze · **To what, where:** last, ice

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This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Ugly Duckling. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:201:143
# text = He became exhausted at last, and lay still and helpless, frozen fast in the ice.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	exhausted	exhaust	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	lay	lay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
9	still	still	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	helpless	helpless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
14	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	13	advmod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | ice |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **exhaust** | participle | ice *not said here* |  |  | last |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **lay** | infinitive | ice *not said here* |  |  |  | still |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **freeze** | participle | ice *not said here* |  |  | the ice |  | fast *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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