---
title: It is Winter, the old man of last year; he is not dead yet, as the c… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: It is Winter, the old man of last year; he is not dead yet, as the calendar says, but acts as guardian to little Prince Spring who is coming. Who acts: information, man, calendar. A sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Story of the Year, with its dependency tre
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Story of the Year, sentence 47

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is Winter, the old man of last year; he is not dead yet, as the calendar says, but acts as guardian to little Prince Spring who is coming.

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**Who acts:** information, man, calendar · **What happens:** be, not be, say, act, come · **To what, where:** Winter, little Prince Spring · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Story of the Year. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (information, man, calendar), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:214:47
# text = It is Winter, the old man of last year; he is not dead yet, as the calendar says, but acts as guardian to little Prince Spring who is coming.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	Winter	Winter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	_
16	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	calendar	calendar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	acts	act	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	ccomp	_	_
25	as	as	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	guardian	guardian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	obl	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
29	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	Spring	Spring	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	_
31	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	33	nsubj	_	_
32	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
33	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	24	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | information | Winter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | man |  |  |  | yet | dead *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the calendar |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **act** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as guardian | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as guardian=Attribute |
| 5 | **come** | present · progressive |  |  | little Prince Spring |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to spring=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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