---
title: The cuckoo sang, and the lark carolled, for it was now beautiful spr… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: The cuckoo sang, and the lark carolled, for it was now beautiful spring. Who acts: cuckoo, lark. A sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Story of the Year, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Story of the Year, sentence 89

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The cuckoo sang, and the lark carolled, for it was now beautiful spring.

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**Who acts:** cuckoo, lark · **What happens:** sing, caroll, be

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This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Story of the Year. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cuckoo, lark), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:214:89
# text = The cuckoo sang, and the lark carolled, for it was now beautiful spring.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cuckoo	cuckoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lark	lark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	carolled	caroll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	_
14	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | the cuckoo |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **caroll** | past | the lark |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | lark |  |  |  | for beautiful spring |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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