---
title: By the next morning he had to learn by heart all the towns in Zealan… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: By the next morning he had to learn by heart all the towns in Zealand, and all that could be described of them. Who acts: boy. A sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Little Tuk, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, Little Tuk, sentence 5

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By the next morning he had to learn by heart all the towns in Zealand, and all that could be described of them.

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**Who acts:** boy · **What happens:** have, learn, describe · **To what, where:** towns, Zealand, that

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This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Little Tuk. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:80:5
# text = By the next morning he had to learn by heart all the towns in Zealand, and all that could be described of them.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
11	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	13	det:predet	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	22	det:predet	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	described	describe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | boy |  |  |  | morning |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive | boy *not said here* | all towns |  | Zealand |  | by heart | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent town=Topic |
| 3 | **describe** | could · passive |  | that |  |  |  | of towns *= town* | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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