---
title: It is said that in olden times the place was a lake, the ground of w… — Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen · tree and pragmatics
description: It is said that in olden times the place was a lake, the ground of which had heaved up from beneath, and now the moorland extends for miles in every direction, and is surrounded by damp meadows, trembling, undulating swamps, and marshy ground covered with turf, on which grow bilberry bushes and stun
---

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# Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen, The Marsh King's Daughter, part 1, sentence 8

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is said that in olden times the place was a lake, the ground of which had heaved up from beneath, and now the moorland extends for miles in every direction, and is surrounded by damp meadows, trembling, undulating swamps, and marshy ground covered with turf, on which grow bilberry bushes and stunted trees.

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**Who acts:** place, moorland, damp meadows · **What happens:** say, be, heave up, extend, surround, tremble · **To what, where:** wilderness, lake, direction, swamps, marshy ground, bilberry bushes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, The Marsh King's Daughter, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (place, moorland, damp meadows), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg27200:83:8
# text = It is said that in olden times the place was a lake, the ground of which had heaved up from beneath, and now the moorland extends for miles in every direction, and is surrounded by damp meadows, trembling, undulating swamps, and marshy ground covered with turf, on which grow bilberry bushes and stunted trees.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	olden	olden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	obl	_	_
18	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	heaved	heave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	acl:relcl	_	_
20	up	up	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	beneath	beneath	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
25	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	28	advmod	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	moorland	moorland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	extends	extend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
29	for	for	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	miles	mile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obl	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	33	det	_	_
33	direction	direction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux:pass	_	_
37	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	28	advcl	_	_
38	by	by	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	damp	damp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	meadows	meadow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
42	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	40	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
44	undulating	undulate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	42	conj	_	_
45	swamps	swamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
48	marshy	marshy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	49	amod	_	_
49	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	nsubj:pass	_	_
50	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
51	with	with	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
52	turf	turf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
54	on	on	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
55	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	56	nsubj	_	_
56	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	50	conj	_	_
57	bilberry	bilberry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	58	compound	_	_
58	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	56	obj	_	_
59	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	60	cc	_	_
60	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	56	conj	_	_
61	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	60	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | wilderness |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the place | a lake |  |  | time |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **heave up** | past · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | of the ground | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent of which=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **extend** | present | the moorland |  |  | every direction | now | for miles | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in direction=Location |
| 5 | **surround** | present · passive | damp meadows |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **tremble** | gerund | damp meadows *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **undulate** | gerund | damp meadows *not said here* | swamps |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location swamp=Theme |
| 8 | **cover** | participle · passive |  | marshy ground |  |  |  | with turf | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with turf=Theme |
| 9 | **grow** | present |  | bilberry bushes |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bush=Theme |
| 10 | **stunt** | past |  | trees |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 27200 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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