---
title: Now which of you is Hedgehog and which is Tortoise? because, to save… — Just so stories · tree and pragmatics
description: Now which of you is Hedgehog and which is Tortoise? because, to save my spots, I can’t tell.’ Who acts: Hedgehog, I. A sentence of «Just so stories» by Rudyard Kipling, The Beginning of the Armadillos, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Just so stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, sentence 15

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Now which of you is Hedgehog and which is Tortoise? because, to save my spots, I can’t tell.’

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**Who acts:** Hedgehog, I · **What happens:** be, save, not tell · **To what, where:** Tortoise, spots, ’ · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Just so stories» by Rudyard Kipling, The Beginning of the Armadillos. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hedgehog, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2781:8:15
# text = Now which of you is Hedgehog and which is Tortoise? because, to save my spots, I can’t tell.’
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	22	advmod	_	_
2	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	Hedgehog	Hedgehog	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	ccomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	Tortoise	Tortoise	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
12	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	advcl	_	_
16	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
19	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
20	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	n’t	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	22	advmod	_	_
22	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	’	'	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of Hedgehog and Tortoise | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Hedgehog and Tortoise | Tortoise |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **save** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | my spots |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spot=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **tell** *speech: assert* | can | I | ’ |  |  | now |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent '=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Just so stories» by Rudyard Kipling, Project Gutenberg book 2781 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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