---
title: A ridge of inky water rushed foaming mountainously on his board, and… — Irish Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: A ridge of inky water rushed foaming mountainously on his board, and behind that ridge came a vast warty head that gurgled and groaned. Who acts: ridge, vast warty head. A sentence of «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Chapter X, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Irish Fairy Tales, Chapter X, sentence 3

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A ridge of inky water rushed foaming mountainously on his board, and behind that ridge came a vast warty head that gurgled and groaned.

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**Who acts:** ridge, vast warty head · **What happens:** rush, foam, come, gurgle, groan · **To what, where:** board, ridge

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This is a sentence of «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Chapter X. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ridge, vast warty head), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2892:71:3
# text = A ridge of inky water rushed foaming mountainously on his board, and behind that ridge came a vast warty head that gurgled and groaned.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ridge	ridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	inky	inky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	foaming	foam	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	mountainously	mountainously	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
14	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	ridge	ridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
17	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
19	vast	vast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
20	warty	warty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
23	gurgled	gurgle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	groaned	groan	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rush** | past | a ridge of inky water |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **foam** | gerund | a ridge of inky water *not said here* |  |  | ridge's board |  | mountainously *property* | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on board=Location |
| 3 | **come** | past | a vast warty head |  |  | that ridge |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind ridge=Location |
| 4 | **gurgle** | past | a vast warty head |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **groan** | past | a vast warty head *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Project Gutenberg book 2892 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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