---
title: But Mongan knew what had happened, and he smiled with glee as he wat… — Irish Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: But Mongan knew what had happened, and he smiled with glee as he watched his astonished companions, and he sniffed that balmy air as one whose nostrils remembered it. Who acts: Mongan, grass, one. A sentence of «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Chapter IV, with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# Irish Fairy Tales, Chapter IV, sentence 13

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But Mongan knew what had happened, and he smiled with glee as he watched his astonished companions, and he sniffed that balmy air as one whose nostrils remembered it.

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**Who acts:** Mongan, grass, one · **What happens:** know, happen, smile, watch, sniff, remember · **To what, where:** astonished companions, balmy air, air · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Chapter IV. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mongan, grass, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg2892:75:13
# text = But Mongan knew what had happened, and he smiled with glee as he watched his astonished companions, and he sniffed that balmy air as one whose nostrils remembered it.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Mongan	Mongan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	6	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	happened	happen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	smiled	smile	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	glee	glee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
17	astonished	astonished	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	sniffed	sniff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
23	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	balmy	balmy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
27	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	nsubj	_	_
28	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	nostrils	nostril	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
30	remembered	remember	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	advcl	_	_
31	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | Mongan |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **happen** | past · perfect |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **smile** | past | grass |  |  |  |  | with glee | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **watch** | past | grass | grass's astonished companions |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent companion=Theme |
| 5 | **sniff** | past | grass | balmy air |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
| 6 | **remember** | past | one | air |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Irish Fairy Tales» by James Stephens, Project Gutenberg book 2892 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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