---
title: He had only one friend whom he liked, and that was a cowherd, who lo… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: He had only one friend whom he liked, and that was a cowherd, who looked after cattle for one of the farmers in the village. Who acts: Goldsmith, that, cowherd. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 11, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 11, sentence 71

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had only one friend whom he liked, and that was a cowherd, who looked after cattle for one of the farmers in the village.

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**Who acts:** Goldsmith, that, cowherd · **What happens:** have, like, be, look · **To what, where:** one friend, cowherd

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 11. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Goldsmith, that, cowherd), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:11:71
# text = He had only one friend whom he liked, and that was a cowherd, who looked after cattle for one of the farmers in the village.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	obj	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	liked	like	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	cowherd	cowherd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
17	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
18	after	after	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
20	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Goldsmith | one friend |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Patient |
| 2 | **like** | past | Goldsmith | one friend |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot whom=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | past | that | a cowherd |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **look** | past | a cowherd |  |  |  | after cattle | for one of the farmers in the village | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for one=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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