---
title: It was late by the time he arrived, and almost dark, but he knew by… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: It was late by the time he arrived, and almost dark, but he knew by the savoury smell that reached him that the witch was cooking her supper. Who acts: boat, Pinkel, savoury smell, witch. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 16, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 16, sentence 72

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was late by the time he arrived, and almost dark, but he knew by the savoury smell that reached him that the witch was cooking her supper.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** boat, Pinkel, savoury smell, witch · **What happens:** be, arrive, know, reach, cook · **To what, where:** Pinkel, supper

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 16. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boat, Pinkel, savoury smell, witch), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:16:72
# text = It was late by the time he arrived, and almost dark, but he knew by the savoury smell that reached him that the witch was cooking her supper.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	savoury	savoury	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj	_	_
22	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	_
23	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	28	mark	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
27	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	cooking	cook	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
29	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	supper	supper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | boat |  |  |  |  | late *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **arrive** | past | Pinkel |  |  |  | time |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **know** | past | Pinkel |  |  |  |  | by the savoury smell | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **reach** | past | the savoury smell | Pinkel |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 5 | **cook** | past · progressive | the witch | witch's supper |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent supper=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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