---
title: The sun was by now low in the heavens, and the cows left off feeding… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: The sun was by now low in the heavens, and the cows left off feeding, and turned their faces home again, followed by Ardan son of Gorla. Who acts: sun, cows. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 30, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 30, sentence 28

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The sun was by now low in the heavens, and the cows left off feeding, and turned their faces home again, followed by Ardan son of Gorla.

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**Who acts:** sun, cows · **What happens:** be, leave off, turn, follow · **To what, where:** heavens, feeding, faces

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 30. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sun, cows), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:30:28
# text = The sun was by now low in the heavens, and the cows left off feeding, and turned their faces home again, followed by Ardan son of Gorla.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	obl	_	_
6	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
15	off	off	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	feeding	feeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
20	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	home	home	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
23	again	again	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	followed	follow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
26	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	Ardan	Ardan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Gorla	Gorla	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the sun |  |  | the heavens |  | low *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave off** | participle | the cows | feeding |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feeding=Theme |
| 3 | **turn** | past |  | cows's faces |  |  | again | home *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent face=Theme |
| 4 | **follow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by Ardan son of Gorla | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by son=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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