---
title: As happened before, he was offered by the old man to herd his cows;… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: As happened before, he was offered by the old man to herd his cows; and, as she had done to his brothers, the maiden counselled him to leave such work alone. Who acts: old man, sister, maiden. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 30, with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 30, sentence 57

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As happened before, he was offered by the old man to herd his cows; and, as she had done to his brothers, the maiden counselled him to leave such work alone.

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**Who acts:** old man, sister, maiden · **What happens:** happen, offer, herd, do, counsell, leave · **To what, where:** man, cows, such work

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 30. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old man, sister, maiden), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:30:57
# text = As happened before, he was offered by the old man to herd his cows; and, as she had done to his brothers, the maiden counselled him to leave such work alone.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	happened	happen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	_
3	before	before	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	offered	offer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	herd	herd	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	_
14	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
19	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
20	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	advcl	_	_
23	to	to	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	brothers	brother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	maiden	maiden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	nsubj	_	_
29	counselled	counsell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
30	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	advcl	_	_
33	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
35	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | participle | the old man *not said here* |  |  |  |  | before *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **offer** | past · passive | the old man | man |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 3 | **herd** | to-infinitive | the old man *not said here* | man's cows |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent cow=Patient |
| 4 | **do** | past · perfect | sister |  |  |  |  | to man's brothers | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **counsell** | past | the maiden | man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **leave** | to-infinitive | the maiden *not said here* | such work |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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