---
title: Last of all, difficulties gave you courage, instead of lending you d… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: Last of all, difficulties gave you courage, instead of lending you despair. Who acts: Last difficulties. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 31, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 31, sentence 54

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Last of all, difficulties gave you courage, instead of lending you despair.

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**Who acts:** Last difficulties · **What happens:** give, lend · **To what, where:** courage, you, despair

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 31. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Last difficulties), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:31:54
# text = Last of all, difficulties gave you courage, instead of lending you despair.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	iobj	_	_
8	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=SCONJ	12	mark	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	lending	lend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	despair	despair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Last difficulties | courage | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient courage=Theme |
| 2 | **lend** | gerund | Last difficulties *not said here* | despair | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient despair=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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