---
title: He smiled to himself as he looked at the dusty track, and perceived… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: He smiled to himself as he looked at the dusty track, and perceived that though the marks of wolves' feet were many, not a single guest was to be seen anywhere. Who acts: Wolf, marks. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 34, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics 
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 34, sentence 57

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He smiled to himself as he looked at the dusty track, and perceived that though the marks of wolves' feet were many, not a single guest was to be seen anywhere.

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**Who acts:** Wolf, marks · **What happens:** smile, look, perceive, be, not see, mark · **To what, where:** Wolf, single guest, feet

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 34. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Wolf, marks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:34:57
# text = He smiled to himself as he looked at the dusty track, and perceived that though the marks of wolves' feet were many, not a single guest was to be seen anywhere.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smiled	smile	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obl	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	dusty	dusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	track	track	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	that	that	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	wolves	wolf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	'	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
23	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
26	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	guest	guest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	33	mark	_	_
32	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	aux:pass	_	_
33	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	parataxis	_	_
34	anywhere	anywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	33	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smile** | past | Wolf |  | Wolf |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to himself=Recipient |
| 2 | **look** | past | Wolf |  |  |  |  | at the dusty track | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at track=Theme |
| 3 | **perceive** | past | Wolf *not said here* |  |  |  |  | that *property* | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** | past | the marks of wolves's feet |  |  |  |  | many *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **not** **see** | past · passive |  | a single guest |  |  |  | anywhere *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 6 | **mark** |  |  | wolves's feet |  |  |  |  | nom mark «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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