---
title: He approached them glad, yet trembling, and turning to one of the ol… — The Orange Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: He approached them glad, yet trembling, and turning to one of the older birds, who by this time had left the shade of the tree, he said: Who acts: bird, older birds. A sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 9, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Orange Fairy Book, Opening, part 9, sentence 112

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He approached them glad, yet trembling, and turning to one of the older birds, who by this time had left the shade of the tree, he said:

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**Who acts:** bird, older birds · **What happens:** approach, tremble, turn, leave, say, shade · **To what, where:** syringas, one, shade, tree · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 9. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bird, older birds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg3027:9:112
# text = He approached them glad, yet trembling, and turning to one of the older birds, who by this time had left the shade of the tree, he said:
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	approached	approach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	ccomp	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	glad	glad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	yet	yet	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	turning	turn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	16	amod	_	_
16	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
18	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	21	det	_	_
21	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
22	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	16	conj	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	shade	shade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
30	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
31	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **approach** | past | bird | syringas *= syringa* |  |  |  | glad *property* | vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 2 | **tremble** | gerund | bird *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **turn** | gerund | bird *not said here* |  | one of the older birds |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to one=Trajectory |
| 4 | **leave** | past · perfect | the older birds | the shade of the tree |  |  | time |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shade=Theme |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | bird |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **shade** |  |  | the tree |  |  |  |  | nom shade «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Orange Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 3027 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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