---
title: “He-he-he!” exclaimed Iktomi, pretending disappointment that his fri… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: “He-he-he!” exclaimed Iktomi, pretending disappointment that his friend had fallen. Who acts: Patkasa, friend. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Turtle, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Turtle, sentence 32

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“He-he-he!” exclaimed Iktomi, pretending disappointment that his friend had fallen.

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**Who acts:** Patkasa, friend · **What happens:** exclaim, pretend, fall · **To what, where:** Iktomi, disappointment

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Turtle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Patkasa, friend), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:10:32
# text = “He-he-he!” exclaimed Iktomi, pretending disappointment that his friend had fallen.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
9	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	pretending	pretend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
13	disappointment	disappointment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | past | Patkasa | Iktomi |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent iktomi=Topic |
| 2 | **pretend** | gerund | Patkasa *not said here* | disappointment |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **fall** | past · perfect | Patkasa's friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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