---
title: Hardly was the last word spoken than Iktomi gave a leap high above t… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Hardly was the last word spoken than Iktomi gave a leap high above the deer. Who acts: Iktomi. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Turtle, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Turtle, sentence 34

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Hardly was the last word spoken than Iktomi gave a leap high above the deer.

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**Who acts:** Iktomi · **What happens:** be, speak, give · **To what, where:** last word, leap · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Turtle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Iktomi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:10:34
# text = Hardly was the last word spoken than Iktomi gave a leap high above the deer.
1	Hardly	hardly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	leap	leap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
13	above	above	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | the last word |  |  |  | hardly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | the last word *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **give** | past | Iktomi | a leap |  |  |  | high *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leap=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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