---
title: Till the winter snow covered the ground and ice covered the lakes, t… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Till the winter snow covered the ground and ice covered the lakes, the wailing woman's voice was heard from that solitary wigwam. Who acts: winter snow, ice. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Toad and the Boy, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Toad and the Boy, sentence 39

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Till the winter snow covered the ground and ice covered the lakes, the wailing woman's voice was heard from that solitary wigwam.

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**Who acts:** winter snow, ice · **What happens:** cover, hear · **To what, where:** ground, lakes, voice, solitary wigwam

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Toad and the Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (winter snow, ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:12:39
# text = Till the winter snow covered the ground and ice covered the lakes, the wailing woman's voice was heard from that solitary wigwam.
1	Till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	wailing	wailing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	's	's	PART	POS	_	16	case	_	_
18	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	24	det	_	_
23	solitary	solitary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	wigwam	wigwam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | the winter snow | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ground=Destination |
| 2 | **cover** | past | ice | the lakes |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme lake=Destination |
| 3 | **hear** | past · passive |  | the wailing woman's voice |  | that solitary wigwam |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Topic from wigwam=Source |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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