---
title: Near by, within their wigwams, the wives were roasting wild duck and… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Near by, within their wigwams, the wives were roasting wild duck and making down pillows. Who acts: wives. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Toad and the Boy, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Toad and the Boy, sentence 4

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Near by, within their wigwams, the wives were roasting wild duck and making down pillows.

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**Who acts:** wives · **What happens:** roast, make · **To what, where:** wild duck, down pillows

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Toad and the Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Checked tree.** This sentence is in the tales treebank of Mova corpus 0.3 (`gutenberg:pg338:962`): parsed by Mova, then checked and patched by a teacher model under UD validation gates — Mova annot: Rust (en) → Claude Opus (medium) patches; gates UD 2.18.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:12:4
# text = Near by, within their wigwams, the wives were roasting wild duck and making down pillows.
1	Near	near	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	within	within	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	wigwams	wigwam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wives	wife	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	roasting	roast	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	duck	duck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
16	down	down	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	pillows	pillow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roast** | past · progressive | the wives | wild duck |  |  |  | within arrows's wigwams; near *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent duck=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | the wives *not said here* | down pillows |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pillow=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** the tales treebank of Mova corpus 0.3, Apache-2.0 OR MIT. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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