---
title: “Ha! ha!” laughed all the village people to see Iya made foolish wit… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: “Ha! ha!” laughed all the village people to see Iya made foolish with anger. Who acts: Iya. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iya, the Camp-eater, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iya, the Camp-eater, sentence 106

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“Ha! ha!” laughed all the village people to see Iya made foolish with anger.

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**Who acts:** Iya · **What happens:** laugh, see, make · **To what, where:** village people · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iya, the Camp-eater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Iya), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:13:106
# text = “Ha! ha!” laughed all the village people to see Iya made foolish with anger.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Ha	ha	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
4	ha	ha	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	11	det:predet	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
14	Iya	Iya	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	ccomp	_	_
16	foolish	foolish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	anger	anger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **laugh** | past |  | all village people |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **make** | past | Iya |  |  |  |  | with anger; foolish *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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