---
title: The huntsmen who were passing nigh heard and halted. — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: The huntsmen who were passing nigh heard and halted. Who acts: huntsmen. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iya, the Camp-eater, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iya, the Camp-eater, sentence 2

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The huntsmen who were passing nigh heard and halted.

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**Who acts:** huntsmen · **What happens:** pass, hear, halt

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iya, the Camp-eater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (huntsmen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:13:2
# text = The huntsmen who were passing nigh heard and halted.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	huntsmen	huntsman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	nigh	nigh	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	halted	halt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past · progressive | the huntsmen |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **hear** | participle | the huntsmen *not said here* |  |  |  |  | nigh *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **halt** | participle | the huntsmen *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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