---
title: An old toothless grandfather, blind and shaky with age, sat upon the… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: An old toothless grandfather, blind and shaky with age, sat upon the ground. Who acts: old toothless grandfather. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Manstin, the Rabbit, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Manstin, the Rabbit, sentence 44

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An old toothless grandfather, blind and shaky with age, sat upon the ground.

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**Who acts:** old toothless grandfather · **What happens:** sit · **To what, where:** ground

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Manstin, the Rabbit. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old toothless grandfather), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:14:44
# text = An old toothless grandfather, blind and shaky with age, sat upon the ground.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	toothless	toothless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	grandfather	grandfather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	blind	blind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	shaky	shaky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
12	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | a old toothless grandfather |  |  | the ground |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon ground=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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