---
title: “How, grandchild,” he mumbled, for he was old enough to be grandpare… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: “How, grandchild,” he mumbled, for he was old enough to be grandparent to every living thing, “how! Who acts: grandfather. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Manstin, the Rabbit, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Manstin, the Rabbit, sentence 47

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“How, grandchild,” he mumbled, for he was old enough to be grandparent to every living thing, “how!

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**Who acts:** grandfather · **What happens:** mumble, be · **To what, where:** grandchild, grandparent

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Manstin, the Rabbit. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (grandfather), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:14:47
# text = “How, grandchild,” he mumbled, for he was old enough to be grandparent to every living thing, “how!
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	grandchild	grandchild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	mumbled	mumble	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
14	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
16	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	cop	_	_
17	grandparent	grandparent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	xcomp	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	21	det	_	_
20	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mumble** *speech: other* | past | grandfather | grandchild |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | grandfather |  |  |  |  | enough, old *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | to-infinitive | grandfather *not said here* | grandparent |  |  |  | to every living thing | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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