---
title: Heaping more willows upon the fire, Iktomi sat down on the ground wi… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Heaping more willows upon the fire, Iktomi sat down on the ground with crossed shins. Who acts: Iktomi. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Ducks, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Ducks, sentence 107

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Heaping more willows upon the fire, Iktomi sat down on the ground with crossed shins.

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**Who acts:** Iktomi · **What happens:** heap, sit down, cross · **To what, where:** more willows, fire, ground

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Ducks. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Iktomi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:2:107
# text = Heaping more willows upon the fire, Iktomi sat down on the ground with crossed shins.
1	Heaping	heap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
2	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	willows	willow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	down	down	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	crossed	cross	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	shins	shin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heap** | gerund | Iktomi *not said here* | more willows |  | the fire |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent willow=Theme upon fire=Destination |
| 2 | **sit down** | past | Iktomi |  |  | the ground |  | with crossed shins | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ground=Location |
| 3 | **cross** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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