---
title: Hardly had they raised their heads when Iktomi was many paces gone. — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Hardly had they raised their heads when Iktomi was many paces gone. Who acts: Tufts, Iktomi. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Muskrat, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Muskrat, sentence 58

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Hardly had they raised their heads when Iktomi was many paces gone.

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**Who acts:** Tufts, Iktomi · **What happens:** have, raise, be, go · **To what, where:** heads, many paces

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Muskrat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Tufts, Iktomi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:4:58
# text = Hardly had they raised their heads when Iktomi was many paces gone.
1	Hardly	hardly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	raised	raise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	paces	pace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
12	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past |  |  |  |  |  | hardly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **raise** | past | Tufts *= tuft* | Tufts's heads |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent head=Theme pace=Destination |
| 3 | **is** | past | Iktomi |  |  |  |  | many *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | participle |  | many paces *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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