---
title: After the hole was dug and cushioned with grass, Iktomi, muttering s… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: After the hole was dug and cushioned with grass, Iktomi, muttering something about brown spots, leaped down into it. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Fawn, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, Iktomi and the Fawn, sentence 141

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After the hole was dug and cushioned with grass, Iktomi, muttering something about brown spots, leaped down into it.

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**What happens:** dig, cushion, mutter, leap down · **To what, where:** hole, something, brown spots

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Iktomi and the Fawn. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:6:141
# text = After the hole was dug and cushioned with grass, Iktomi, muttering something about brown spots, leaped down into it.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	dug	dig	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	cushioned	cushion	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Iktomi	Iktomi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	muttering	mutter	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	advcl	_	_
14	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	obj	_	_
15	about	about	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	leaped	leap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	_
20	down	down	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
21	into	into	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | past · passive |  | the hole |  |  |  | Iktomi *obl* | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **cushion** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with grass | tree rules |
| 3 | **mutter** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | about brown spots | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 4 | **leap down** | participle |  | brown spots *not said here* |  | hole |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into it=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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