---
title: The badger turned to look over his shoulder and to his great joy he… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: The badger turned to look over his shoulder and to his great joy he beheld a Dakota brave in handsome buckskins. Who acts: badger, father. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Badger and the Bear, sentence 141

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The badger turned to look over his shoulder and to his great joy he beheld a Dakota brave in handsome buckskins.

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**Who acts:** badger, father · **What happens:** turn, look, behold, joy · **To what, where:** Dakota

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (badger, father), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:7:141
# text = The badger turned to look over his shoulder and to his great joy he beheld a Dakota brave in handsome buckskins.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	badger	badger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	joy	joy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	Dakota	Dakota	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	handsome	handsome	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	buckskins	buckskin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past | the badger |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | to-infinitive | the badger *not said here* |  |  |  |  | over father's shoulder | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent over shoulder=Theme |
| 3 | **behold** | past | father | a Dakota |  |  |  | to father's great joy; brave *property* | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer dakota=Stimulus |
| 4 | **joy** |  | father |  |  |  |  |  | nom joy «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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