---
title: Singing and laughing, the badgers returned to their own dwelling. — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Singing and laughing, the badgers returned to their own dwelling. Who acts: badgers. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Badger and the Bear, sentence 180

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Singing and laughing, the badgers returned to their own dwelling.

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**Who acts:** badgers · **What happens:** sing, laugh, return

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (badgers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:7:180
# text = Singing and laughing, the badgers returned to their own dwelling.
1	Singing	sing	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	laughing	laugh	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	badgers	badger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	dwelling	dwelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund | the badgers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **laugh** | gerund | the badgers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **return** | past | the badgers |  |  |  |  | to badgers's own dwelling *result* | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to dwelling=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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