---
title: At nightfall he rose, and smacking his lips together,--that is the n… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: At nightfall he rose, and smacking his lips together,--that is the noisy way of saying “the food was very good!”--he left the badger dwelling. Who acts: visitor, that, noisy way, food. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Badger and the Bear, sentence 41

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At nightfall he rose, and smacking his lips together,--that is the noisy way of saying “the food was very good!”--he left the badger dwelling.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** visitor, that, noisy way, food, badger · **What happens:** rise, smack, be, say, leave, dwell · **To what, where:** nightfall, lips, noisy way, badger · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Badger and the Bear. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (visitor, that, noisy way, food), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:7:41
# text = At nightfall he rose, and smacking his lips together,--that is the noisy way of saying “the food was very good!”--he left the badger dwelling.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	nightfall	nightfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	smacking	smack	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	together	together	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	noisy	noisy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
18	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
19	saying	say	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
20	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	very	very	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	badger	badger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
33	dwelling	dwell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	30	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | past | visitor |  |  | nightfall |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at nightfall=Location |
| 2 | **smack** | gerund | visitor *not said here* | visitor's lips |  |  |  | together *property* | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lip=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | present | that | the noisy way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **say** *speech: express* | gerund | the noisy way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is** *in a quote* | past | the food |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **leave** | past | visitor | the badger |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **dwell** | gerund | the badger *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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