---
title: Upon hearing these words, the men of the village, both young and old… — Old Indian Legends · tree and pragmatics
description: Upon hearing these words, the men of the village, both young and old, both heroes and cowards, trimmed new arrows for the contest. Who acts: men. A sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Tree-bound, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Old Indian Legends, The Tree-bound, sentence 20

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Upon hearing these words, the men of the village, both young and old, both heroes and cowards, trimmed new arrows for the contest.

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**Who acts:** men · **What happens:** hear, trim · **To what, where:** words, new arrows

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This is a sentence of «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, The Tree-bound. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg338:8:20
# text = Upon hearing these words, the men of the village, both young and old, both heroes and cowards, trimmed new arrows for the contest.
1	Upon	upon	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	hearing	hear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
3	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc:preconj	_	_
13	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	det	_	_
18	heroes	hero	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	cowards	coward	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
22	trimmed	trim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
25	for	for	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	contest	contest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | gerund | the men of the village and both heroes and cowards *not said here* | this words |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus |
| 2 | **trim** | past | the men of the village and both heroes and cowards | new arrows |  |  |  | for the contest | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arrow=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Old Indian Legends» by Zitkala-Sa, Project Gutenberg book 338 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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