---
title: The tales have been translated, or, in the case of those from Madame… — The Red Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: The tales have been translated, or, in the case of those from Madame d’Aulnoy’s long stories, adapted, by Mrs. Hunt from the Norse, by Miss Minnie Wright from Madame d’Aulnoy, by Mrs. Lang and Miss Bruce from other French sources, by Miss May Sellar, Miss Farquharson, and Miss Blackley from the Germ
---

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# The Red Fairy Book, Opening, sentence 10

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The tales have been translated, or, in the case of those from Madame d’Aulnoy’s long stories, adapted, by Mrs. Hunt from the Norse, by Miss Minnie Wright from Madame d’Aulnoy, by Mrs. Lang and Miss Bruce from other French sources, by Miss May Sellar, Miss Farquharson, and Miss Blackley from the German, while the story of ‘Sigurd’ is condensed by the Editor from Mr. William Morris’s prose version of the ‘Volsunga Saga.’

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**Who acts:** Miss Minnie Wright, Editor · **What happens:** translate, adapt, condense · **To what, where:** tales, other French sources, long stories, story, prose version

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This is a sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Miss Minnie Wright, Editor), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg540:1:10
# text = The tales have been translated, or, in the case of those from Madame d’Aulnoy’s long stories, adapted, by Mrs. Hunt from the Norse, by Miss Minnie Wright from Madame d’Aulnoy, by Mrs. Lang and Miss Bruce from other French sources, by Miss May Sellar, Miss Farquharson, and Miss Blackley from the German, while the story of ‘Sigurd’ is condensed by the Editor from Mr. William Morris’s prose version of the ‘Volsunga Saga.’
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	11	nmod	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	Madame	Madame	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	_
16	d’Aulnoy	d'Aulnoy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	’s	's	PART	POS	_	16	case	_	_
18	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	adapted	adapt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	Mrs.	Mrs.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Hunt	Hunt	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	Norse	Norse	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	by	by	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	_
32	Minnie	Minnie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	_
33	Wright	Wright	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
34	from	from	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	Madame	Madame	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
36	d’Aulnoy	d'aulnoy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	by	by	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	Mrs.	Mrs.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
40	Lang	Lang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	flat	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	conj	_	_
43	Bruce	Bruce	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	flat	_	_
44	from	from	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
45	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
46	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	sources	source	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
49	by	by	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	51	compound	_	_
51	May	May	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
52	Sellar	Sellar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	51	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
54	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	51	conj	_	_
55	Farquharson	Farquharson	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	54	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
57	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	59	cc	_	_
58	Miss	Miss	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	59	compound	_	_
59	Blackley	Blackley	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
60	from	from	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
61	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	62	det	_	_
62	German	German	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	59	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	72	punct	_	_
64	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	72	mark	_	_
65	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	66	det	_	_
66	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	72	nsubj:pass	_	_
67	of	of	ADP	IN	_	69	case	_	_
68	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	69	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	Sigurd	Sigurd	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	66	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
70	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	69	punct	_	_
71	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	72	aux:pass	_	_
72	condensed	condense	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
73	by	by	ADP	IN	_	75	case	_	_
74	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	75	det	_	_
75	Editor	editor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	72	obl	_	_
76	from	from	ADP	IN	_	82	case	_	_
77	Mr.	Mr.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	78	nmod:desc	_	_
78	William	William	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	82	nmod:poss	_	_
79	Morris	Morris	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	78	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
80	’s	's	PART	POS	_	78	case	_	_
81	prose	prose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	82	compound	_	_
82	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	72	obl	_	_
83	of	of	ADP	IN	_	87	case	_	_
84	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	87	det	_	_
85	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	86	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
86	Volsunga	Volsunga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	87	compound	_	_
87	Saga	Saga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	82	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
88	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
89	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **translate** | present · perfect · passive | Miss Minnie Wright from Madame d’Aulnoy | the tales |  | other French sources | may |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **adapt** | participle |  | Madame d’Aulnoy's long stories *not said here* |  |  |  | by Mrs. Hunt from the Norse | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **condense** | present · passive | the Editor | the story of Sigurd |  | William  Mr.'s prose version of the Volsunga Saga |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 540 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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