---
title: She had to cross swamps and to scale mountain peaks covered with fli… — The Red Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: She had to cross swamps and to scale mountain peaks covered with flints, so that her feet and knees and elbows were all torn and bleeding, and sometimes she came to a precipice across which she could not jump, and she had to crawl round on hands and knees, helping herself along with her staff. Who a
---

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# The Red Fairy Book, The Enchanted Pig, sentence 131

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She had to cross swamps and to scale mountain peaks covered with flints, so that her feet and knees and elbows were all torn and bleeding, and sometimes she came to a precipice across which she could not jump, and she had to crawl round on hands and knees, helping herself along with her staff.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Princess, scale mountain · **What happens:** have, cross, peak, cover, tear, come · **To what, where:** swamps, feet, precipice, hands, Princess

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Enchanted Pig. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Princess, scale mountain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg540:12:131
# text = She had to cross swamps and to scale mountain peaks covered with flints, so that her feet and knees and elbows were all torn and bleeding, and sometimes she came to a precipice across which she could not jump, and she had to crawl round on hands and knees, helping herself along with her staff.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	swamps	swamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
8	scale	scale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	peaks	peak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
11	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	xcomp	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	flints	flint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
15	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
16	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
17	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	knees	knee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	elbows	elbow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
23	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux:pass	_	_
24	all	all	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	torn	tear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	bleeding	bleeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	32	advmod	_	_
31	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
33	to	to	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	precipice	precipice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
36	across	across	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	41	obl	_	_
38	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	41	nsubj	_	_
39	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	41	aux	_	_
40	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	41	advmod	_	_
41	jump	jump	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
43	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
44	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	45	nsubj	_	_
45	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	conj	_	_
46	to	to	PART	TO	_	47	mark	_	_
47	crawl	crawl	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	45	xcomp	_	_
48	round	round	ADV	RB	_	47	advmod	_	_
49	on	on	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
50	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	47	obl	_	_
51	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	52	cc	_	_
52	knees	knee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
54	helping	help	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	47	advcl	_	_
55	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	54	obj	_	_
56	along	along	ADV	RB	_	54	advmod	_	_
57	with	with	ADP	IN	_	59	case	_	_
58	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	59	nmod:poss	_	_
59	staff	staff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Princess |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cross** | to-infinitive | Princess *not said here* | swamps |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent swamp=Patient |
| 3 | **peak** | present | scale mountain |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cover** | participle | scale mountain *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with flints | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with flint=Theme |
| 5 | **tear** | past · passive |  | Princess's feet and knees and elbows |  |  |  | all *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 6 | **come** | past | Princess |  |  | a precipice |  | sometimes *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to precipice=Initial\_Location |
| 7 | **not** **jump** | could | Princess |  |  | a precipice |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across which=Trajectory |
| 8 | **have** | past | Princess |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 9 | **crawl** | to-infinitive | Princess *not said here* |  |  | hands and knees |  | round *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on hand=Trajectory |
| 10 | **help** | gerund | Princess *not said here* | Princess |  |  |  | with Princess's staff; along *property* | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent herself=Beneficiary with staff=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 540 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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