---
title: There were nightingales, canaries, goldfinches, linnets, tomtits, pa… — The Red Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: There were nightingales, canaries, goldfinches, linnets, tomtits, parrots, owls, sparrows, doves, ostriches, bustards, peacocks, larks, partridges, and everything else that you can think of. Who acts: nightingales, you. A sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Graciosa and Percinet, part 2
---

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# The Red Fairy Book, Graciosa and Percinet, part 2, sentence 91

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were nightingales, canaries, goldfinches, linnets, tomtits, parrots, owls, sparrows, doves, ostriches, bustards, peacocks, larks, partridges, and everything else that you can think of.

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**Who acts:** nightingales, you · **What happens:** be, think

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This is a sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Graciosa and Percinet, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (nightingales, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg540:24:91
# text = There were nightingales, canaries, goldfinches, linnets, tomtits, parrots, owls, sparrows, doves, ostriches, bustards, peacocks, larks, partridges, and everything else that you can think of.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	nightingales	nightingale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	canaries	canary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	goldfinches	goldfinch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	linnets	linnet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	tomtits	tomtit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	parrots	parrot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	owls	owl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	sparrows	sparrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	doves	dove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	ostriches	ostrich	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	bustards	bustard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	peacocks	peacock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	larks	lark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	partridges	partridge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	2	parataxis	_	_
33	else	else	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
34	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	37	mark	_	_
35	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	37	nsubj	_	_
36	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	acl	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | nightingales and canaries and goldfinches and linnets and tomtits and parrots and owls and sparrows and doves and ostriches and bustards and peacocks and larks and partridges |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | can | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 540 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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