---
title: One winter’s day when there was a hard frost, and mountain and valle… — The Red Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: One winter’s day when there was a hard frost, and mountain and valley were covered with snow, the woman made a dress of paper, and calling the girl to her said: Who acts: day, hard frost, woman, calling. A sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Three Dwarfs, part 1, with its dependency
---

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# The Red Fairy Book, The Three Dwarfs, part 1, sentence 19

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One winter’s day when there was a hard frost, and mountain and valley were covered with snow, the woman made a dress of paper, and calling the girl to her said:

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**Who acts:** day, hard frost, woman, calling · **What happens:** be, cover, make, call, say · **To what, where:** hard frost, mountain, dress, girl, woman · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Three Dwarfs, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (day, hard frost, woman, calling), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg540:37:19
# text = One winter’s day when there was a hard frost, and mountain and valley were covered with snow, the woman made a dress of paper, and calling the girl to her said:
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	’s	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	7	expl	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
13	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl:relcl	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	dress	dress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
30	calling	call	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	35	csubj	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
33	to	to	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obl	_	_
35	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | One winter's day | a hard frost |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover** | past · passive | a hard frost *not said here* | mountain and valley |  |  |  | with snow | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with snow=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | past | the woman | a dress of paper |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dress=Product |
| 4 | **call** | gerund |  | the girl | woman |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent girl=Topic to she=Recipient |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | calling |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Red Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 540 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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